ABSTRACT
Solar panel converts the light energy from
the sun into electrical energy. In ordinary solar panel systems, the solar
panel is fixed in a
particular direction. The solar panel delivers maximum
energy only when it faces directly towards the sun. Since the sun is moving
continuously, the solar panel cannot deliver
maximum energy when the solar
panel fixed at one direction.
The goal of the project is to control the solar
panel continuously
, according to the movement of the sun. This is done by
controlling the mechanical
movement of solar panel. The mechanical movement of
solar panel is controlled through the stepper motor using Power Electronics.
The sun’s movement from east to west so the single axis tracker is applies
according to them.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic systems (PV system) use solar panels to
convert sunlight into electricity. A system is made up of one or more
photovoltaic (PV) panels, a DC/
AC power converter (also known as an inverter),
a tracking system that holds the solar panels, electrical interconnections, and
mounting for other components. Optionally it may include a maximum power point tracker (MPPT), battery system and charger, solar tracker, software,
solar or other equipment. A small PV system may provide energy to a single
consumer, or to an isolated device like a lamp or a weather instrument. Large
grid-connected PV systems can provide the energy needed by many customers. The
electricity generated can be either stored, used directly (island/standalone
plant), or fed into a large electricity grid powered by central generation
plants (grid-connected/grid-tied plant), or combined with one or many domestic
electricity generators to feed into a small grid (hybrid plant). Systems are
generally designed in order to ensure the highest energy yield for a given
investment.
LITERATURE SURVEY
ARTUR
SKOCZEK describe
that, This paper presents the results of electrical performance
measurements of 204 crystalline silicon-wafer based photovoltaic modules
following long-term continuous outdoor exposure. The modules comprise a set of
53 module types originating from 20 different
producers, all of which were
originally characterized at the European Solar Test Installation (ESTI), over
the period 1982-1986. The modules represent diverse generations of PV
technologies, different encapsulation and substrate materials. The modules
electrical performance was determined according to the standards IEC 60891 and
the IEC 60904 series, electrical insulation tests were performed according to
the recent IEC 61215 editions 2. Many manufacturers currently give a double
power warranty for their products, typically 90% of the initial maximum power
after 10 years and 80% of the original maximum power after 25 years.[1]
RYAN
WISER, KARLYNN CORY describe
that, Renewable power technologies are
inherently capital-intensive, often (but not always) with relatively high
construction costs and low operating costs. For this reason, renewable power
technologies are typically more sensitive to the availability and cost of
financing than are natural gas power plants, for example. In the United States,
the bulk of renewable project finance in recent years has been provided by “tax
equity investors” (typically large investment banks and insurance companies)
who partner with project developers through highly specialized financing
structures (Bolinger, 2009; Cory et al., 2008; Harper et al., 2007). These
structures have been designed primarily to capitalize on federal support for renewable
power technologies, which has historically come in the form of tax credits and
accelerated depreciation deductions.[18]
Chapter
3
DESIGN OF PROPOSED WORK
We were going to describe the all part of the
project are connected together. The electrical power coming through the solar
PV array is fed to the voltage regulator ,this regulator regulate the voltage
or control the voltage to charge the battery bank ,then the power stored in
battery by the voltage controller output. The power of battery then supplied
directly to the DC power socket at panel for connecting external DC load. Or
the DC of the battery is also given to
the inverter circuit which convert the DC in to AC then the ac output from the
inv circuit is given to the step up transformer which step up the supply up to
220 v AC .Which is then given to the AC power socket mounted on the front panel
for connecting external AC load .There is an external motor control drive to
control the motor rotation of the tracking system. The auxiliary supply to this
motor drive is given by the battery bank. This complete arrangement exact panel
and tracker is mounted in a wooden cabinet provided with a panel mounted window
on which all control switches and testing terminal were mounted. Thus this REPV
inverter is ready to apply and use.
3.1.2 WORKING
3.1.2 WORKING
Inverter presented here (see Figure ) mainly by the MOS FET ,
constitute a general power transformer . The output power depends on the MOS
FET and power transformer power , eliminating the cumbersome transformer
winding , suitable for electronic production with amateur enthusiasts . The
following describes the working principle of the inverter and the production
process. Figure 2 circuit diagram Click to enlarge Here we will detail the
working principle of this inverter. Square-wave generator (see Figure 3) Figure
3 CD4069 inverter used here constitutes the six square wave signal generator.
R1 is the resistance compensation circuit for improved power supply voltage due
to changes caused by oscillation frequency instability.
4.2 DISCUSSION
Based on the studies of
SHS and solar PV micro utility, rural electrification through
Solar energy provided the following observations:
·
Lack of awareness of solar energy technology necessitates demonstration
of
it to rural people.
·
Appropriate financial arrangements, which may include payment in
installments, fee for services and other suitable modes, are necessary for
rural people to afford the system.
·
Technical training can enable users to do trouble shooting for minor
problems such as replacing fuses, adding distilled water, and replacing bulbs.
This may avoid technician calls and increase system reliability.
·
Technician training is essential for developing local technical
support, which can also help make the project sustainable.
·
Women also should be invited for training, as they are the main users
of the systems and can do some of the maintenance.
·
Solar systems with different options should be available to consumers so
they can choose themselves according to their needs and financial capacity.
·
For the electrification of rural markets through solar energy, local
collective management yields better results by reducing the risk of theft and
nonpayment.
·
Solar systems help in generating income, for instance, by extending
working hours and creating a convenient environment for business.
·
Components/accessories of solar systems should be available locally so
that the users can buy them easily when required. This can increase
acceptability of the technology by users.
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