CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Smart
dust requires mainly
revolutionary advances in miniaturization, integration &
energy management. Hence designers have used MEMS
technology to build small sensors, optical communication components, and power
supplies. Microelectro mechanical systems consists of extremely tiny mechanical
elements, often integrated together with electronic circuitory. They are
measured in micrometers, that is millions of a meter. They are made in a
similar fashion as computer chips. The advantage of this manufacturing process is not simply that small structures
can be achieved but also that thousands or even millions of system elements can
be fabricated simultaneously. This allows systems to be both highly complex and
extremely low-cost.
Micro-Electro-Mechanical
Systems (MEMS) is the integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators,
and electronics on a common silicon substrate through microfabrication
technology. While the electronics are fabricated using integrated circuit (IC)
process sequences (e.g., CMOS, Bipolar processes), the micromechanical
components are fabricated using compatible "micromachining" processes
that selectively etch away parts of the silicon wafer or add new structural
layers to form the mechanical and electromechanical devices. MEMS realizes a
complete System On chip technology.
Microelectronic
integrated circuits can be thought of as the "brains" of a system and
allow microsystems to sense and control the environment. Sensors gather
information from the environment through measuring mechanical, thermal,
biological, chemical, optical, and magnetic phenomena. The electronics then
process the information derived from the sensors and through some decision
making capability direct the actuators to respond by moving, positioning,
regulating, and filtering, thereby controlling the environment for some desired
purpose. Because MEMS devices are manufactured using batch fabrication
techniques similar to those used for integrated circuits, unprecedented levels
of functionality, reliability, and sophistication can be placed on a small
silicon chip at a relatively low costThe deep insight of MEMS is as a new
manufacturing technology, a way of making complex electromechanical systems
using batch fabrication techniques similar to those used for integrated
circuits, and uniting these electromechanical elements together with
electronics.Historically, sensors and actuators are the most costly and
unreliable part of a sensor-actuator-electronics system. MEMS technology allows
these complex electromechanical systems to be manufactured using batch
fabrication techniques, increasing the reliability of the sensors and actuators
to equal that of integrated circuits. The performance of MEMS devices and
systems is expected to be superior to macroscale components and systems, the
price is predicted to be much lower
Integrated into
a single package are :-
MEMS sensors MEMS beam steering
mirror for active optical transmission MEMS corner cube
retroreflector for passive optical transmissionAn optical
receiver Signal processing
and control circuitory
A
power source based on thick film batteries and solar cellsThis remarkable package
has the ability to sense and communicate and is self powered. A major challenge
is to incorporate all these functions while maintaining very low power
consumption.
·
Sensors
collect information from the environment such as light , sound, temperature
,chemical composition etc
· Smart dust employs 2 types of
transmission schemes:-passive transmission using corner cube
retroreflector to transmit to base stations and active transmission using a laser
diode & steerable mirrors
for mote to mote communication.
·
The photo diode allows optical data reception
·
Signal
processing & control circuitory consists of analog I/O ,DSPs to control &process the incoming data
·
The power
system consists of a thick film battery,a solar cell with a charge integrating
capacitor for a period of darkness.
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